Overview
A comprehensive meta-analysis assessing the impact of time management on performance and well-being, analyzing 158 studies for a total of 490 effect sizes. Published in PMC (PMC7799745).
Key Findings
Performance Outcomes
- Job performance: Moderate correlation (r = 0.259) across 21 studies with 3,990 participants
- Results-based performance (supervisor appraisals): r = 0.221 (13 studies, 2,532 participants)
- Behavior-based performance (motivation, involvement): r = 0.297 (13 studies, 2,474 participants)
- Academic performance: Stronger correlation than professional, covering 76 studies
- The link between time management and job performance has increased over the years — time management is more likely to yield positive performance reviews today than in the early 1990s
Wellbeing Outcomes
- Overall wellbeing: Moderate correlation (r = 0.313) across 30 studies with 9,905 participants
- Life satisfaction: Strong correlation (r = 0.426) across 9 studies with 2,855 participants
- Job satisfaction: r = 0.248 (11 studies, 2,856 participants)
- Mental health (positive): r = 0.556 (2 studies, 473 participants)
- Positive affect: r = 0.280 (5 studies, 2,725 participants)
- Time management enhances well-being — particularly life satisfaction — to a greater extent than it does performance
Distress (Negative Wellbeing)
- Moderately negative relationship with distress (anxiety, depression, stress, work-life conflict)
Individual Differences
- Conscientiousness: Strongest personality predictor of time management ability
- Gender: Extremely weak correlation — women score slightly higher than men, but the difference is very slight
- Other demographics (age, education, marital status) and contextual factors (job autonomy, workload) show much weaker associations
Methodology
- Literature search: Comprehensive search across EBSCO databases (Academic Search Complete, Business Source Complete, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and others) with no country or year restrictions, peer-reviewed articles up to 2019
- Inclusion criteria: Quantitative, empirical studies of time management in non-clinical samples
- Final sample: 158 eligible studies
- Analysis method: Random effects model using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis v.3, correlations transformed into Fisher's z scales
Time Management Dimensions
The analysis defines time management through three components:
- Structuring: How people map activities to time using schedules and planners
- Protecting: Setting boundaries to repel intruders (e.g., saying no to requests, turning off work devices during family time)
- Adapting: Being responsive and flexible with one's time structure
Key Measures Analyzed
- Time Management Behavior Scale
- Time Structure Questionnaire
- Time Management Questionnaire
Publication Trends
- Publication trends show an uptick in time management studies around the turn of the millennium, with even higher numbers around the 2010s
- No papers fitting inclusion criteria were found before the mid-1980s
Implications
The findings challenge the common perception that time management first and foremost enhances work performance, and that well-being is simply a byproduct. Instead, time management seems to enhance well-being — particularly life satisfaction — to a greater extent than it does performance.
